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ራስ-ገንዘብ

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ከውክፔዲያ

 

ራስ-ገንዘብ የማምረቻ መሳሪያዎችን በግል ባለቤትነት ላይ የተመሰረተ እና ትርፍ ለማግኘት ጥቅም ላይ የሚውል የኢኮኖሚ ስርዓት ነው. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] ይህ ማኅበረ-ኢኮኖሚያዊ ሥርዓት በታሪክ በተለያዩ ደረጃዎች የዳበረ ሲሆን በበርካታ መሠረታዊ አካላት ይገለጻል፡- የግል ንብረት ፣ የትርፍ ዓላማ ፣ የካፒታል ክምችት ፣ ተወዳዳሪ ገበያ ፣ የሸቀጣሸቀጥ ምርት ፣ የደመወዝ ጉልበት እና ለፈጠራና ኢኮኖሚ ዕድገት ትኩረት ሰጥቷል። [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] የራስገንዘብ ኢኮኖሚዎች የቢዝነስ ዑደቶች የኢኮኖሚ ዕድገት ሊያጋጥማቸው ይችላል ። [12]

የኢኮኖሚክስ ሊቃውንት፣ የታሪክ ተመራማሪዎች፣ የፖለቲካ ኢኮኖሚስቶች፣ እና የማኅበራዊ ባለሙያ በራስገንዘብ ትንታኔያቸው ውስጥ የተለያዩ አመለካከቶችን ወስደዋል እና የተለያዩ ዓይነቶችን በተግባር አውቀዋል። እነዚህም ላይሴዝ-ፋይር ወይም የነፃ ገበያ ራስገንዘብ ፣ የመንግስት ራስገንዘብ እና የዌልፌር ራስገንዘብምን ያካትታሉ። የተለያዩ የራስገንዘብ ዓይነቶች የነጻ ገበያ ፣ የሕዝብ ባለቤትነት ፣ [13] የነፃ ውድድር እንቅፋት እና በመንግሥት የተደነገገው የማህበራዊ ፖሊሲዎች የተለያየ ደረጃ ያላቸው ናቸው። በገበያው ውስጥ ያለው የውድድር ደረጃ እና የጣልቃ ገብነት እና ደንብ ሚና፣ እንዲሁም የመንግስት ባለቤትነት ወሰን በተለያዩ የራስገንዘብ አይነቶች ይለያያሉ። [14] የተለያዩ ገበያዎች የነፃነት መጠን እና የግል ንብረትን የሚወስኑ ደንቦች የፖለቲካ እና የፖሊሲ ጉዳዮች ናቸው. አብዛኛዎቹ የራስገንዘብም ኢኮኖሚዎች የነፃ ገበያ ክፍሎችን ከመንግስት ጣልቃገብነት እና አንዳንድ ጊዜ የኢኮኖሚ እቅድን የሚያጣምሩ ድብልቅ ኢኮኖሚዎች ናቸው። [15]

ራስ-ገንዘብ በዘመናዊ መልኩ የወጣው በእንግሊዝ ከግብርናዊነት ፣ እንዲሁም በ16ኛው እና በ18ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን መካከል በአውሮፓ ሀገራት የንግድ ልውውጥ ስርዓት ልምምዶች ነው። የ 18 ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን የኢንዱስትሪ አብዮት ራስገንዘብን እንደ ዋና የአመራረት ዘዴ አቋቋመ ፣ በፋብሪካ ሥራ እና በተወሳሰበ የሥራ ክፍፍል ተለይቶ ይታወቃል። በሉላዊነት ሂደት ራስገንዘብ በ19ኛው እና በ20ኛው መቶ ክፍለ ዘመን በተለይም ከአንደኛው የዓለም ጦርነት በፊት እና ከቀዝቃዛው ጦርነት ማብቂያ በኋላ በአለም ላይ ተስፋፍቷል። በ19ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን ራስገንዘብ በመንግስት ቁጥጥር ያልተደረገበት ቢሆንም ከሁለተኛው የዓለም ጦርነት በኋላ በኬኔሲያኒዝም በኩል የበለጠ ቁጥጥር የሚደረግበት ሲሆን ከዚያም ከ1980ዎቹ ጀምሮ በኒዮሊበራሊዝም የበለጠ ቁጥጥር ያልተደረገበት ራስገንዘብ ተመልሷል።

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  1. ↑ Zimbalist, Andrew; Sherman, Howard J.; Brown, Stuart (1988). Comparing Economic Systems: A Political-Economic Approach. Harcourt College Publishing. pp. 6–7. ISBN 978-0-15-512403-5. https://archive.org/details/comparingeconomi0000zimb_q8i6/page/6. "Pure capitalism is defined as a system wherein all of the means of production (physical capital) are privately owned and run by the capitalist class for a profit, while most other people are workers who work for a salary or wage (and who do not own the capital or the product)."
  2. ↑ Rosser, Mariana V.; Rosser, J Barkley (2003). Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-18234-8. "In capitalist economies, land and produced means of production (the capital stock) are owned by private individuals or groups of private individuals organized as firms."
  3. ↑ Jenks, Chris. Core Sociological Dichotomies. SAGE Publishing. "Capitalism, as a mode of production, is an economic system of manufacture and exchange which is geared toward the production and sale of commodities within a market for profit, where the manufacture of commodities consists of the use of the formally free labor of workers in exchange for a wage to create commodities in which the manufacturer extracts surplus value from the labor of the workers in terms of the difference between the wages paid to the worker and the value of the commodity produced by him/her to generate that profit."
  4. ↑ Gilpin, Robert (2018). The Challenge of Global Capitalism: The World Economy in the 21st Century. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-18647-4.
  5. ↑ Sternberg, Elaine (2015). Defining Capitalism. pp. 380–396.
  6. ↑ Heilbroner, RobertL. (2018). The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1378–1389. ISBN 978-1-349-95189-5.
  7. ↑ Hodgson, GeoffreyM. (2015). Conceptualizing Capitalism: Institutions, Evolution, Future. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-16814-2. https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/C/bo18523749.html.
  8. ↑ Berend, Ivan T. (2015). International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences. pp. 94–98. ISBN 978-0-08-097087-5.
  9. ↑ Antonio, RobertJ.; Bonanno, Alessandro (2012). The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Globalization. ISBN 978-1-4051-8824-1.
  10. ↑ Beamish, Rob (2018). Core Concepts in Sociology. pp. 17–22. ISBN 978-1-119-16861-4.
  11. ↑ Gregory, Paul; Stuart, Robert (2013). The Global Economy and its Economic Systems. South-Western College Publishing. ISBN 978-1-285-05535-0. "Capitalism is characterized by private ownership of the factors of production. Decision making is decentralized and rests with the owners of the factors of production. Their decision making is coordinated by the market, which provides the necessary information. Material incentives are used to motivate participants."
  12. ↑ Hodrick, R.; Prescott, E. (1997). Postwar US business cycles: An empirical investigation. pp. 1–16. http://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/research/math/papers/451.pdf.
  13. ↑ Gregory, Paul; Stuart, Robert (2013). The Global Economy and its Economic Systems. South-Western College Publishing. p. 107. ISBN 978-1-285-05535-0. "Real-world capitalist systems are mixed, some having higher shares of public ownership than others. The mix changes when privatization or nationalization occurs. Privatization is when property that had been state-owned is transferred to private owners. Nationalization occurs when privately owned property becomes publicly owned."
  14. ↑ Macmillan Dictionary of Modern Economics. 1986. p. 54.
  15. ↑ Stilwell, Frank (2002). Political Economy: the Contest of Economic Ideas. Oxford University Press.
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